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RF-O2熒光光纖氧氣測量技術——氧氣測量全面解決方案

    RF-O2熒光光纖氧氣測量技術是基于REDFLASH光極傳感器技術的氧氣測量技術，由歐洲Pyroscience公司及Graz大學等科學家研制生產，由光極氧氣傳感器、測量儀及軟件組成，廣泛應用于環境科學、生態科學、植物科學、動物科學、海洋科學、生物醫學、生物技術、食品科學等各個領域，其主要功能特點如下

1. REDFLASH光極氧氣傳感器技術，高精確度、高穩定性、高時空解析度、低能耗、無耗氧、無交叉敏感性
2. 傳感器類型靈活多樣，有探頭式、探針式、非接觸式（sensor spot）及納米微粒式等，適應于液體和氣體不同條件下的O2測量
3. 有內置sensor spot的流通管和呼吸瓶，非接觸式測量流動液體的溶解氧及呼吸瓶內液體或氣體中氧氣含量
4. 輕便緊湊型FireStingO2測量儀，內置水汽、氣壓傳感器，有1、2、4通道供選配，可分別接1個、2個、4個光極氧氣傳感器，另有Mini型FireStingO2-mini供選配
5. U盤式PiccolO2測量儀——世界上zui小的O2測量儀，可連接一個O2傳感器，USB口連接電腦，即插即用

測量原理：

    REDFLASH光極O2傳感器技術，利用*的O2敏感REDFLASH指示劑，通過610-630nm調制紅光激發，REDFLASH指示劑發出760-790nm紅外熒光，熒光強度隨接觸的O2分子濃度升高而發生熒光淬滅，這種熒光動態通過光纖傳輸到測量儀，測量儀靈敏地檢測其相位漂移并據此換算成O2濃度

應用領域：

1. 水體溶解氧測量監測、藻類及藻類生物膜光合作用與呼吸作用測量監測
2. 植物光合作用與呼吸作用測量監測
3. 水生動物（魚類、水生昆蟲等無脊椎動物、浮游動物等呼吸代謝測量
4. 陸生動物、實驗動物、動物組織、血液等呼吸代謝測量
5. 土壤、濕地、海洋沉積、河湖沉積剖面O2測量
6. 生物反應器、發酵過程、酶動力學、細胞培養等O2測量監測
7. 糧食食品儲運、葡萄酒等O2測量監測
8. 污水處理、沼氣、垃圾填埋場、有機物降解等O2測量監測

技術指標：

1. FireStingO2（FSO2）測量儀：
   1. 有1通道、2通道、4通道可供選配，分別可接1個、2個和4個O2傳感器，可并聯組成8通道甚至更多通道；另具備一個溫度傳感器通道（可選配4通道溫度傳感器）
   2. 激發光源620nm，監測器760nm（NIR）
   3. 采樣頻率：每秒4次
   4. 內置氣壓傳感器，300－1100mbar，0.06mbar分辨率，精確度±3mbar
   5. 內置濕度傳感器，0－100%，分辨率0.04%，精確度±0.2%
   6. 內置溫度傳感器，-40－125°C，分辨率0.01°C，精確度±0.3°C
   7. 具模擬輸出和自動模式，0－2.5VDC
   8. USB接口，通過USB口PC供電
   9. 大小：68x120x30mm，重350g
2. PiccolO2 U盤式測量儀：大小僅15x15x54mm，重量約20g，單通道，激發光620nm，檢測器760nm，采樣頻率每秒20次。可并聯組成多通道測量系統。可通過PiccoTHP測量溫濕度和氣壓并進行補償

1. 探頭式O2傳感器：直徑3mm，測量范圍0-50%（0-23mg/l）（可選配其它范圍），檢測極限0.02%（0.01mg/l），分辨率0.05%（0.025mg/l）@20% O2，精確度±0.2％（0.1mg/l）@20% O2，zui低使用壽命1千萬數據點，存儲時間大于3年（室溫暗處儲放）
2. 探針式O2傳感器：有固定探針式、可伸縮探針式、尖頭式及圓頭式等不同類型供選配；探針直徑有50μm、230μm、430μm等規格；測量范圍0-50%（0-23mg/l）（可選配其它范圍），檢測極限0.02%（0.01mg/l），分辨率0.05%（0.025mg/l）@20% O2，精確度±0.2％（0.1mg/l）@20% O2，zui快響應時間小于1s（與探針粗細有關），zui低使用壽命1百萬數據點，存儲時間大于3年（室溫暗處儲放）

1. 非接觸式（sensor spot）O2傳感器（見下左圖）：用于非接觸性測量監測透明容器中的氧氣含量，傳感器貼用硅膠等貼附在容器內壁，通過固定在外壁的光纖將熒光動態信號傳輸到測量儀以檢測O2濃度；測量范圍0-50%（0-23mg/l）（可選配其它范圍），檢測極限0.02%（0.01mg/l），分辨率0.05%（0.025mg/l）@20% O2，精確度±0.2％（0.1mg/l）@20% O2，zui低使用壽命2千萬數據點，存儲時間大于3年（室溫暗處儲放）

1. 納米微粒傳感器（參見上右圖）：納米技術，用于非接觸性測量微量液體中O2含量，即時響應，測量范圍0-50%（0-23mg/l），檢測極限0.02%（0.01mg/l），分辨率0.05%（0.025mg/l）@20% O2，存儲時間大于3年（室溫暗處儲放）
2. 流通管：內置非接觸式O2傳感器，用于流動液體O2測量監測（如魚類呼吸代謝測量等），測量范圍0-50%（0-23mg/l）（可選配其它范圍），檢測極限0.02%（0.01mg/l），分辨率0.05%（0.025mg/l）@20% O2，精確度±0.2％（0.1mg/l）@20% O2，zui低使用壽命1千萬數據點，存儲時間大于3年（室溫暗處儲放）
3. 呼吸瓶：內置非接觸式O2傳感器，用于生物呼吸測量（如藻類、小型魚類、魚卵、昆蟲等），標準配置有4ml和20ml兩種規格
4. Pyro Oxygen Logger軟件用于參數設置、校準、數據顯示包括圖表顯示、數據輸出等功能

應用案例：

案例1：法國Bordeaux大學利用FSO2 4通道熒光光纖氧氣測量儀，對Aquitaine海岸沉積樣芯耗氧進行了測量分析，以研究海洋底棲動物活動（bioirrigation）對海岸帶生態系統生態過程及生物地理化學功能（如沉積有機物的再礦化）的影響。

案例2：芬蘭Turku大學利用FSO2和430μm光極氧探針，對南瓜類囊體懸浮液光合放氧進行了測量分析。

案例3：美國Woods Hole海洋學研究所，利用RF-O2非接觸式光極氧氣傳感器（sensor spot），對海洋無脊椎動物呼吸代謝進行了測量分析，以研究其固有的生物鐘與環境脅迫的關系，這些海洋無脊椎動物體重只有0.5－50mg。圖中為翼足類軟體動物在不同濃度CO2條件下的耗氧率。

案例4：澳大利亞海洋科學研究所、瑞典Gothenburg大學等組成的科學小組，利用Pyroscience的REDFLASH氧氣測量技術，對河鱸（Perca fluviatilis）呼吸代謝進行測量分析，以研究其熱耐受性和適應性的生理機制。他們選擇波羅的海核電站附近的一個瀉湖，核電站排出的熱水進入該瀉湖，在過去30年大量魚類因為不適應水溫升高而滅絕，但河鱸卻得以繁盛，該地成為理想的研究氣候變暖對魚類種群影響的“天然實驗室”。他們測量河鱸呼吸代謝率的同時，還測量其靜脈血液在溫度升高狀態下的氧分壓，靜脈血是河鱸心臟供氧的主要來源，高溫條件下靜脈血氧氣含量被認為是其心臟功能的重要限制因子。

案例5：德國Ulm大學利用FSO2測量儀和50μm可伸縮式RFO2探針，對患者腦脊髓液（CSF）樣品溶解氧進行測量分析，以研究探討神經紊亂及神經炎等疾病的生理和診斷。

案例6：德國農業科學與景觀研究機構，利用FSO2測量儀和RFO2探針，對土壤氧氣進行測量，以評估不同種類蚯蚓在低氧條件下對土壤改良的效率。

案例7：西班牙Valladolid大學利用RFO2熒光光纖氧氣測量技術，監測葡萄酒橡木桶O2吸收——對葡萄酒品質至關重要但一直以來缺乏科學的了解。葡萄酒在橡木桶內（3－24個月）的過程溶解氧至關重要，因為O2調節了葡萄酒整個的熟化過程。

近期部分參考文獻：

2015

1.          Experimental manipulations of tissue oxygen supply do not affect warming tolerance of European perch. Brijs et al., 2015, J Exp Biol, in press

2.          The formation of aggregates in coral reef waters under elevated concentrations of dissolved inorganic and organic carbon: A mesocosm approach. Cárdenas et al., 2015, Mar Chem, in press

3.          Efficient gas–liquid contact using microfluidic membrane devices with staggered herringbone mixers. Femmer et al., 2015, Lab on a Chip: DOI: 10.1039/C5LC00428D

4.          Three-dimensional structure and cyanobacterial activity within a desert biological soil crust?Raanan et al., 2015, Environ Microbiol: doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12859

5.          Photoacoustic lifetime imaging for direct in vivo tissue oxygen monitoring?Shao, Q. & Ashkenazi, S., 2015, J Biomed Optics 20(3): doi:10.1117/1.JBO.20.3.036004

6.          Laccase mediated oxidation of industrial lignins: Is oxygen limiting??Ortner et al., 2015, Process Biochem Vol 50 (8): 1277-1283

7.          Increased gastrointestinal blood flow: An essential circulatory modification for euryhaline rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) migrating to sea?Brijs et al., 2015, Scientific Reports 5, Article number:10430: doi:10.1038/srep10430

8.          Not so monofunctional—a case of thermostable Thermobifida fusca catalase with peroxidase activity?Loncar, N. & Fraaije, M.W., 2015, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol Vol 99 (5): 2225-2232

9.          An Assessment of the Precision and Confidence of Aquatic Eddy Correlation Measurements?Donis et al., 2015, J Atmos Oceanic Technol 32 (3): 642–655

10.      Pharmaceuticals and personal care products alter growth and function in lentic biofilms?Shaw et al., 2015, Environ Chem 12(3): 301-306

11.      Futile cycling increases sensitivity toward oxidative stress in Escherichia coli. Adolfsen K.J & Brynildsen M.P., 2015, Metabolic Engin Vol 29: 26-35

12.      Accumulation of Basic Amino Acids at Mitochondria Dictates the Cytotoxicity of Aberrant Ubiquitin?Braun et al., 2015, Cell Reports Vol 10 (9): 1557-1571

13.      O2 mass transfer in an oscillatory flow reactor provided with smooth periodic constrictions. Individual characterization of kL and a. Ferreira et al., 2015, Chem Eng J Vol 262: 499-508

14.      Flexibility in metabolic rate confers a growth advantage under changing food availability?Auer et al., 2015, J Animal Ecol: doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.12384

15.      Oxygen metabolism and pH in coastal ecosystems: Eddy Covariance Hydrogen ion and Oxygen Exchange System (ECHOES)?Long et al., 2015, Limnol Oceanogr: Methods, DOI: 10.1002/lom3.10038

2014

1.          Ocean acidification rapidly reduces dinitrogen fixation associated with the hermatypic coral Seriatopora hystrix. Rädecker et al., 2014, Mar Ecol Progr Ser Vol 511: 297-302

2.          All puffed out: do pufferfish hold their breath while inflated??McGee, G.E. & Clark, T.D., 2014, Biol Lett Vol 10: 20140823

3.          Spectral Effects on Symbiodinium Photobiology Studied with a Programmable Light Engine. Wangpraseurt et al., 2014, PLOS One 9: e112809.

4.          The energetic cost of foraging explains growth anomalies in tadpoles exposed to predators?Barry, M.J., 2014, Physiol Biochem Zool Vol 87: 829-836

5.          A product of its environment: the epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum) exhibits physiological tolerance to elevated environmental CO2?Heinrich et al., 2014, Conserv Physiol Vol 2 (1): doi: 10.1093/conphys/cou047

6.          Oxygen-Dependent Control of Respiratory Nitrate Reduction in Mycelium of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2).?Fischer et al., 2014, J Bacteriol Vol 196 (23): 4152-4162

7.          A respiratory nitrate reductase active exclusively in resting spores of the obligate aerobe Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)?Fischer et al., 2014, Mol Microbiol Vol 89 (6):1259-73

8.          Growth trajectory influences temperature preference in fish through an effect on metabolic rate?Killen, S., 2014, J Animal Ecol Vol 83 (6): 1513-1522

9.          Colored ceramic foams with tailored pore size and surface functionalization used as spawning plates for fish breeding?Kroll et al., 2014, Ceramics International Vol. 40 (10): 15763-15773

10.      Aerobic scope predicts dominance during early life in a tropical damselfish?Killen et al., 2014, Functional Ecol Vol 28 (6): 1367-1376

11.      European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, in a changing ocean?Pope et al., 2014, Biogeosciences Vol 11: 2519-2530

12.      Marine rust tubercles harbour iron corroding archaea and sulphate reducing bacteria?Usher et al., 2014, Corrosion Science Vol 83: 189-197

13.      Magnetic optical sensor particles: a flexible analytical tool for microfluidic devices. Ungerböck et al., 2014, Analyst Vol 139: 2551-2559

14.      Investigation and correction of the interference of ethanol, sugar and phenols on dissolved oxygen measurement in wine?Alamo-Sanza et al., 2014, Anal Chim Acta Vol 809: 162-173

15.      Bioresponsive polymers for the detection of bacterial contaminations in plaet concentrates?Gamerith et al., 2014, New Biotechnol Vol 31 (2): 150-155

16.      Life on the edge: thermal optima for aerobic scope of equatorial reef fishes are close to current day temperatures?Rummer & Couturier, 2014, Global Change Biol Vol 20 (4): 1055-1066

17.      The effect of diel temperature and light cycles on the growth of Nannochloropsis oculata in a photobioreactor matrix. Tamburic et al., 2014, PLOS One, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086047

18.      Radiative energy budget reveals high photosynthetic efficiency in symbiont-bearing corals?Brodersen et al., 2014, J R Soc Interface Vol 11 (93), DOI: 10.1098/ rsif.2013.0997

19.      The isotope effect of denitrification in permeable sediments. Kessler et al., 2014, Geochim Cosmochim Acta Vol 133: 156-167

20.      Discovery and characterization of a 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural oxidase from Methylovorus sp. Strain MP688?Dijkman & Fraaije, 2014, Appl Environ Microbiol Vol 80 (3): 1082-1090

21.      Amperometric glucose sensing with polyaniline/poly(acrylic acid) composite film bearing covalently-immobilized glucose oxidase: A novel method combining enzymatic glucose oxidation and cathodic O2 reduction. Homma et al., 2014, J Electroanal Chem Vol 712: 119-123

22.      C*tion and isolation of N2-fixing bacteria from suboxic waters in the Baltic Sea?Bentzon-Tilia et al., 2014, FEMS Microbiol Ecol Vol 88 (2): 358-371

23.      Coenzyme regeneration catalyzed by NADH oxidase from Lactococcus lactis. Sudar et al., 2014, Biochem Engin J Vol 88: 12-18

24.      Temporary storage or permanent removal? The division of nitrogen between biotic assimilation and denitrification in stormwater biofiltration systems?Payne et al., 2014, PLOS One, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090890

25.      Increased rates of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) under oxic conditions in a periodically hypoxic estuary?Roberts et al., 2014, Geochim Cosmochim Acta Vol 133: 313-324

26.      Compartmentalized microbial composition, oxygen gradients and nitrogen fixation in the gut of Odontotaenius disjunctus. Ceja-Navarro et al., 2014, The ISME J Vol 8: 6-18

27.      Optimum temperatures for growth and feed conversion in cultured hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios) – Is there a link to aerobic metabolic scope and final temperature preference??Khan et al., 2014, Aquaculture Vol 430: 107-113

28.      Aerobic scope does not predict the performance of a tropical eurythermal fish at elevated temperatures?Norin et al., 2014, J Exp Biol Vol 217: 244-251

29.      Aquatic Eddy Correlation: Quantifying the Artificial Flux Caused by Stirring-Sensitive O2 Sensors?Holtappels et al., 2015, PLoS ONE 10(1):e0116564. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116564

30.      Decreased light availability can amplify negative impacts of ocean acidification on calcifying coral reef organisms?Vogel et al., 2015, Mar Ecol Progr Ser Vol 521: 49-61

31.      Physiological and ecological performance differs in four coral taxa at a volcanic carbon dioxide seep?Strahl et al., 2015, Comp Biochem Physiol, Part A Vol 184: 179-186

32.      Novel use of a micro-optode in overcoming the negative influence of the amperometric micro-probe on localized corrosion measurements?Taryba et al., 2015, Corrosion Science, accepted

33.      The effect of temperature and ration size on specific dynamic action and production performance in juvenile hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios)?Khan et al., Aquaculture Vol 437: 67-74

34.      The effect of temperature and body size on metabolic scope of activity in juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L?Tirsgaard et al., 2015, Comp Biochem & Physiol Part A: Mol & Integr Physiol Vol 179: 89-94